geology

geology is the study of rocks and processes of our earth and its history.

3 types of rock:

• igneous rock
• sedimentary
• metamorphic

lime soil
cly
sandy soil

5 principles of soil forms:

• parent rock material
• topography 
• time climate
• biological activities
• human factors

5 types of weathering

• carbionation
• hyclorysis
• hydration
• exdation
• spheroidal

physical weathering:

• animal & plants
• cristelaization
• temp.
• unloading
• exfoliation

different kinds of erosion

• sheet
• rill
• gully
• over land flow
• abrasion
• corrosion
• hydraulic

weather:
is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere including temp.,rainfall & humanity

climate:
in your place on the globe controls the weather   where you live climate is the overage weather pattern in a place over many years.

• thermosphere
• mesosphere
• stratosphere
• troposphere

cloud types:

low clouds.

• nimbo stratus
• cumulus
• stratus

• strata culumus
• stratus
• nimb stratus
• fog

mid clouds

• alto stratus
• alto culumus

high clouds

• cirus stratus
• cirus
• cirus cumulus

wind is formed by high pressure and to a low pressure

sea breeze: wind from sea to land
land breeze: wind from land to sea
anabatic: rise (day)
catabatic: sinks (night)

cold front:
where warm and cold air meats. windy, cold, thunderstorms

thunderstorms:

1. orthographic - caused by air forced up by a mountain hillside.
2. air-mass thunderstorm - localized conviction in unstable air mass
3. frontal thunderstorm - when pressure meats front

• occur along boundaries of fronts eg. cold front 

astronomy

universe

• everything that exists

galaxy

• a lot of stars close together caused by gravitational forces. it is spiral, and stars orbits around center
• there are more than 170billion in the universe 

star 

• hot body of gasses

orion

• scorpio chasing orion (never together)
• great hunter

great nebula
dark patch

constelation

• specific region in sky with astronomers breaking the visible sky up to 88 constellations
• it gives sighns
• make legends out of constellations

southern cross

• it is on Australia's national flag
• seen any time of the year

solar eclipse

• the moon is 400x smaller than the sun, but about 400x closer 
• a solar eclipse is when the moon blocks out the light from the sun
• total eclipse sun is completely blocked out
• partial- doesn't block whole sun
• annular- white ring around sun
• hybrid- between total + annular 
• lasts a few minutes

Venus 

• winter- morning star
• summer- evening star

Solar system

• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

Lunar eclipse

• it happens because of the earth that gets in between the sun and the moon.

Star

• a massive luminous ball of plasma held together with plasma
• sun is nearest star to earth and source of energy of earth

Shooting star 

• big dust + gas in sky reach the earth's atmosphere it burns out immediately 

 Magellanic clouds

• part of galaxy 2 small irregular galaxies
• more like dust
• look like clouds
• very colourful

Metoerite

• solid rock that hits the earth

Milky way

• our own galaxy viewed from inside
• have 200billion stars, planets, nebulae, clusters dust + gas + our sun
• band of light and star clouds that stretch across the night sky

Nebula

• birth place of stars
• stars may begin to form as clumps of dust and gas in a nebula are drawn together by their own gravity

Tides

• rise + fall of all ocean water, resulting from gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun upon the water and earth.
• at different points of the moon there's different "waves"/gravitational force. 

 
 

symbiosis:
intimate living together between different species.

organisms:

1. need

• water
• air
• nutrients(food)
• energy
• shelter

ecosystem:
all individuals of the same species = a population
population together = the community + the non-living part of the environment

termite mounds:
termites make it, m and m in the ground. queen is big with a mate. only queen gets fed. leaves they keep until it becomes fungus then they will eat it.

grass

red grass is very important it shows you the veld is in very good condition.

decrice grass:

• guinea grass
• red grass

incrice grass:

• sotoothlaegrass
• yellow thatch grass

climax grass:

• thatch grass
• red grass

pinere (plant)

• dubble stone

sub-climax:

• gum grass

deep sandy soil:

• thatch grass
• finger grass

red soil:

• spear grass
• wire grass
• turpentine grass
• Aristides grass
• red grass

with a puzzle bush you can make walking sticks.

different kinds of grass:

• pine dropseed
• red grass
• guinea grass
• spear grass
• finger grass
• wire grass
• turpentine grass
• Aristides grass
• thatch grass
• so tooth love grass  
• rats tail dropseed
• signal grass

trees and flowers:

1. they are called elements of the ecosystem
2. trees have communities with other organisms

morphology

• roots
• stem
• bark
• leaves
• flowers
• fruits
• thorns
• spines

elogical role:

• provide shelter 
• bind soil together prevent erosion
• provide food
• when they die nutrient will be released back into the soil
• provide oxygen

ecology of grasses:

• grasses are able to thrive whistle being heavily utilize.
• the flower structure grasses is much reduced due to their wind pollination strategies.

thorbs-herbs

• scrub-num-num 

matomy of the grass plants

• grasses may be tufted, evict, creeping,floating or climbing

Grasses are the most important plant in the world
over 30% of earths land area is covered with natural grasslands
9700 species of grasses world wide, of witch 967 species of witch 10% occur in South Africa